????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? " ??????? ???? ???? ?????? " ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ????

????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? " ??????? ???? ???? ?????? " ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ????

 ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? " ????????? ?????? "? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????classic ? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? Alexander von Humboldt(1769-1859) ? ????? ???? (1779- 1859) Carl Ritter? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? Verenuis (1650-1622) ??????? ?? ???? (1804- 1724) Kant? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? systematic ???????regional ? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (1). ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? " ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? " ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? " ??????"Cosmos "? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? Systematic Geography? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? Regional Geography? ???? ???? ????? ?????? " ????? " ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? (2). ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? Ratzel ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? (3). ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? Demolins ?????? Reclus? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? Semple ? ?????? ???? Guyot ? ??????? ???????? Huntington ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? (4). ?? ???? ??????? ????????? Possibilism ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? V.De LaBlache ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? " ???? ????????? ???????" 1922 ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? " ????? ??????? ??????" ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? (5). ??? ????? ???? ???????? Hettner (1941-1859) ???? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??"??? ????????? ??? ????? Chorology " ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ( ??????? ?????????Regional )? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? (6).

??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? "??????? "???????" Machinder ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? "???????" ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? "??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????" ?????? "???????" ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? "??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????"? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? "???????" ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1904? ??? ?? ��??????? ???? ???????" ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? "??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????" ?? ??????? (7).

???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Hartshorne ????? ?????? "????? ????????? The Nature of Geography"? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? Kropotkin ( (1842-1921????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? "????? ?????" (8).

??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. 

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. 

??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? (1966- 1898) Dudly stamp ? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? Land use ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? (9).

??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? "????????? ???????" ??????? ?? ??? 1962? ????? "??????? ?? ????????? Explanation in Geography" ?????? ????? ??? 1969? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? (10).

???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????(11)? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????.

????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????(12).

------------------------------

1 http://www.wata.cc/forums/showthread.php?29208 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 12-11-2014. 

2 http://www.arabgeographers.net/vb/showthrad.php?t=3683 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 18-12-2011 .

3 http://www.geo-house.net/news.php?id=141 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 6-1- 2015. 

4 http://www.arabgeographers.net/vb/showthread.php?t=3683 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 18-12-2011.

5 http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/49465 ?????: ???? ???? ?????? 18-12-2011.

6 http://www.arabgeographers.net/vb/showthread.php?t=3683 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 18-12-2011 .

7 http://www.geo-house.net/news.php?id=141 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 6-1-2015. 

8 http://www.geo-house.net/news.php?id=141 ?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 6-1-2015. ?????.

???? ???? ?????? 6-1-2015 .http://ar.wikipedia.org/ ???????9

10 ????? ???? ???: ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? 1994? ? 134 ?????.

11 ????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? 1994. ? 37 ?????.

12 http://dredrees.arabblogs.com/geo_development.htm ?????: ???? ???? ?????? 19-1-2015

?. ???? ??????