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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????: ?- ??????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? 2000 ?? ??????? ???????? Calories ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????(1). ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ( 1989- 1991) ??? ???? 14 ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? 2000 ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 29 ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? 2001 ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????(2). ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 58% ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 2006 ??? ??? ??? 36 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 2025 ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 1.4 ????? ???? (3). ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? FAO ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? 19 ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? 2013 ??? ??? 34 ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? 27 ????? ?? ??????? (4). ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????.
???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1973 ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (WEP) ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????(5). ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????"?????"? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?- ????? ???????: ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????- ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????
???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????30% ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? (6).
?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 20 ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 80 ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? (7). ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (8)? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? (( ??????? )) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? (9). ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ... ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? (10). ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? (11)? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?- ?????? ????????:
?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (12)? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????. ??? "????? ???????? ????? ???????" ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? 2008? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? "??????" ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 44 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (13).
?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? (14)? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????.? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? 20 ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???
???????? ???????? ???? (15).
?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????.
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? "???? ???????" ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (16)? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? The Green revolution ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (17).
???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
??????? ????????
1- ????? ??? ??? ??????. ????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ????????? 1999? ?144.
2- ??? ???????? ????. ??????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? 1984? ?115.
3- ??? ???????http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ???? ???? ?????? 19-10-2014.
4- / ???? ???? ?????? 1-11-.2014http://www.fao.org/news/story/ar/item/180095/icode
5- ?????? ??? ????. ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????. ??????? 2000? ? 354.
6- ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???????. ????? 1988? ? 241-248.
7- http://www.resourcecrisis.com/index.php/food/745-107 ???? ???? ?????? 6-11-2014
8- ??? ???????? ????. ??????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? 1984? ?312.
9- http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ar/news/ ???? ???? ?????? 18-11-2014.
10- http://www.resourcecrisis.com/index.php/food/745-107 ???? ???? ?????? 22-11-2014
11- http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ar/news/? ???? ???? ?????? 3-12-2014.
12- ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? 1986? ?517-519 ?????.
13- http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/ar/news/? ???? ???? ?????? 3-12-2014.
14- ????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???????. ????? 1988? ? 79-81.
15- http://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/news/feature/???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? 4-12-2014.
16- .htm\ http://www.fao.org/arabic/newsroom/focus//gmo ???? ???? ?????? 4-12-2014.
17- ?????? ??????? http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/???? ???? ?????? 6-12-2014
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