??????? ????????? ????? ??????

??????? ????????? ????? ?????? 

- ????? ??????? ??????? (Determinism):

???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? :????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? .. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.

- ??? ????? (1400 ? ) :

??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????.

??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? .. ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????.

-????? (284-322 ?.?) : 

????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????.. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? .. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????.

- ???????? (420 ?.) :

????? ???????? ?? ????? "???? ?????? ?????????", ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.

-?????????: 

???? ????????? ?? ???? "??? ???????" ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????:

1-??????:

?????? ??????: ?????- ???? ?????- ??? ?????.

?????? ?????: ???- ???- ???.

2-??????:

??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????:

-?????? ?????? = ???? ???? ???????????.

-?????? ??????? = ???? ?????? ??????????.

-???? ????? = ??????????? ??????????.

- ?????? ?????: 

?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????:

- ??? (Buckle):

-?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? : ???? - ???? - ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.

??- ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.

??- ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????.

??- ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????.

- ?????? ??? (Victor cousin):

?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? �?????????:

"????? ????? ????? ??.. ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????".

* ??? ????? ??????? ???????: 

- 1- ????? ?????: ??? ???????? .. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????.

- 2- ????? ??????: ?????? ??????????.. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????.

- 3- ????? ??????: ????? ??? ??????? ????????.. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????.

- 2-??????? ?????????? :

??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????.

* ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????: 

- ????? ?? ?? ???? (V.Dela blache):

??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (Cultusel) ????? ?????? (Physical)? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.

???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.

- ?????? ???? (L.Febver) - ???? ????? (I.Boman):

??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? .. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? .. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????.

?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????.

??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.

- ??? ????? ?????????? :

???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ??????? ??????".

-3- ????? ?????????? (Probabilism):

????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? (?????????( ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? "??????? ?????????" ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????.

?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????.

- ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????:

- ????? ?????: ?????? ???? ???? X ??????? ???? ???? X

??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.

* ????? ??????: ??????? ????? ?????? X ?????? ????? ???? X

???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????.

- ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????:

???? ???? + ????? ???? = ????? ?????

???? ???? + ????? ???? = ???????

???? ???? + ????? ?????? = ???????

???? ???? + ????? ???? = ???????

* ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? "?????? ??????" ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????:

1-- ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

- 2-??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

3-- ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

4-- ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.

* ???? ??????? ????????? :

?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? : ????? ??????